EPCAM and cancer: First, we utilized nanofabrication techniques to create gold nanoscalestructures on a substrate using laser interference lithography (LIL).−,  These structures were functionalized with EpCAM aptamers to selectivelycapture cancer-specific EVs from complex biological EV populations.−,  The nanopatterned array effectively addresses EV heterogeneity byleveraging aptamer-antigen interactions, enabling the selective isolationof cancer-specific EVs from mixed biofluid samples.