Pathways such as graft-versus-host disease, allograft rejection, leishmaniasis, type I diabetes mellitus, TNF signaling, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, influenza A, NF-kappa B signaling, viral protein interaction with cytokines and cytokine receptors, Epstein-Barr virus infection, NOD-like receptor signaling, phagosome, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, measles, lipid and atherosclerosis, and COVID-19 were enriched with the upregulated DEGs of each condition across all vaccine groups (Supplementary Figures S2, S3). Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.