TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: We also compared BCG with H37Rv, where pathways such as rheumatoid arthritis, viral protein interaction with cytokines and their receptors, IL-17 signaling pathway, hematopoietic cell lineage, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and chemokine signaling pathway were similarly enriched with the upregulated DEGs in the BCG group at both time points (24 h and 72 h) (Figures 4, 5).