FOS and colorectal carcinoma: Furthermore, recent studies have shown that SCFAs, in addition to their HDAC inhibition effects, can induce propionylation modifications at histone H3K18 and H4K12 sites, inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, upregulate key CRC oncogenes (such as MYC, FOS, and JUN), and downregulate genes related to cell proliferation (ANP32B) and the cell cycle (MKI67), leading to CRC cell death (163).