TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: While the TNF-targeting agents etanercept and golimumab significantly improved HbA1c levels and endogenous insulin in children with new-onset T1D (156) and improved C-peptide levels in children and young adults with newly diagnosed (overt) stage 3 T1D (157), the IL-1β-targeting agents anakinra or canakinumab, and the anti-IL-6 antibody, toclizumab, failed to show improvements in recent-onset T1D patients (158, 159).