Though one study reported that circulating NETosis markers are reduced in T1D patients (34), other reports have shown associations between neutrophil and primary granule genes as well as whole blood neutrophil levels and defining features for both the hyperimmune and pauci-immune phenotypes, including an enhanced type I and type II IFN-related gene signature (hyperimmune) and higher stimulated and fasting C-peptide levels (pauci-immune), in both patients at risk for T1D and T1D patients across disease stages (35, 36). The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.