JUN and neoplasm: Secondly, curcumin inhibits tumor invasion through the modulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cell surface adhesion molecules, AP-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, LOX, COX, chemokines, and growth factors such as EGFR and HER-2, as well as the inhibition of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity and protein tyrosine kinase (102, 103).