PDCD1 and neoplasm: Emerging data shows that high methylation levels of PARP15, LINC0059, and ZAP70 or low methylation of AIP, GNAS, and PDCD1 are associated with aggressive tumor behavior.15 Some x-linked genes such as the MAGE family, UXT, and FLNA, which play a role in regulating androgen receptors, demonstrate differential methylation patterns according to patient gender, with hypermethylation present in males but not females, and may account for differing tumor behaviors in male and female patients.15,55