CEL NPs release Cu2+ and ES under NIR-II irradiation, inducing cuproptosis through ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) and lipoic acid synthetase (LIAS) downregulation amplified by GSH depletion; toxic aggregation of dihydrollipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) increases DAMP release to activate anti-tumor immunity (Cheng et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene FDX1 and neoplasm.