IL1B and inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α drive IBD pathogenesis via various mechanisms: IL-1β compromises epithelial permeability (Bulek et al., 2020), IL-6 potentiates adaptive immune dysregulation and carcinogenesis(Hunter and Jones, 2015; Taniguchi and Karin, 2014), while TNF-α amplifies oxidative stress and chemokine production(Wang et al., 2017; Oikonomopoulos et al., 2013).