IRF3 and viral infectious disease: IRF3 is involved in the acute response to viral infections through intracellular receptors in human cells50; in pDCs and DC cell lines, IRF3 induction depends on RIG I/MAVS and possible cGAS/STING, whereas IRF5 is induced upon TLR activation, and these transcription factors activate separate repertoires of targets, also in a time-dependent manner.51