CASP3 and liver disorder: FXR plays a role in the progression of neurological decline associated with multiple liver diseases, and knocking out FXR can protect against neuronal apoptosis in ischemic injury in mice.25,41,42 Additionally, the FXR agonists CDCA and GW4064 can induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating FXR, leading to mitochondrial permeability transition and caspase 3 activation.43 We speculated that DCA may induce neuronal apoptosis by activating FXR, leading to caspase 3 activation and subsequently causing cell apoptosis.