MRPL21 and neoplasm: To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of MRPL21’s tumor-promoting function, we transfected FaDu cells with a Flag-tagged MRPL21 overexpression plasmid or its corresponding control plasmid, performed an immunoprecipitation (IP) experiment using Flag IP antibody to identify potential interacting proteins (Supplementary Fig. S3A), and demonstrated that PARP1 protein was significantly enriched in the overexpression group compared to the control group (Fig. 3A; Supplementary Fig. S3B).