Given its critical role in DNA damage repair and tumorigenesis, we examined the interaction between the two proteins via exogenous co-IP in MRPL21-overexpressing cells (Fig. 3B) and an endogenous Co-IP experiment using MRPL21 IP antibody in native HNSCC cells, and this analysis confirmed specific binding between MRPL21 and PARP1 (Fig. 3C). Here, MRPL21 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.