INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine from adipocytes and an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [13, 14] modulates energy metabolism by glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and fatty acid catabolism, and immune response by activating adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/ p70S6 kinase (S6), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/ vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) through AdipoR1/2 [4,13–15].