TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Previous studies described the capacity of antifibrotic agents such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, FDA-approved to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), to reduce fibrosis through inhibiting key cytokines, including TGF-β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [48,49].