TNF and bacterial infectious disease: In individuals with HF, Polymyxin B (an antibiotic that belongs to the polymyxin class of antibiotics and is primarily used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria) and Tobramycin (an aminoglycoside antibiotic use used to treat various types of bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria) can lower LPS levels in the colon and feces and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF in humans.