TNF and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: In blood samples, subjects with Alzheimer’s disease showed significantly higher concentrations of IL-1β (mean difference 0.46 [95% CI: 0.35, 0.58]), IL-6 (3.41 [3.05, 3.78]), MCP-1 (26.20 [14.57, 37.82]), and TNF-α (6.68 [5.97, 7.39]), along with lower concentrations of IL-8 (− 1.46 [− 1.85, − 1.08]) and IL-10 (− 3.20 [− 4.21, − 2.20]).