To narrow the gap in translational research, future studies can focus on establishing standardized animal RA models to characterize the microbial-immune interactions in RA, and utilize cross-species proteomics and metabolomics to identify conserved biomarkers (such as SCFAs, Zonulin) related to the pathological mechanisms of RA, achieving the transformation of human diagnostic tools to veterinary medicine. Here, HP is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.