In particular, the elevated mean creatinine of 98.61 (SD 69.96) μmol/L and reduced eGFR of 49.39 (SD 21.52) mL/min/1.73 m2 indicates decreased renal function in this PAD cohort, which was adjusted for in the multivariable analysis as this can influence IGFBP-1 levels. Here, IGFBP1 is linked to peripheral arterial disease.