Second, the follow-up duration was limited to two years, capturing relevant short- to mid-term cardiovascular events; however, extended monitoring over 5 to 10 years or longer is needed to fully elucidate the long-term prognostic significance of IGFBP-1, particularly given the chronic and progressive nature of PAD, CVD, and CAD. The gene discussed is IGFBP1; the disease is peripheral arterial disease.