SPP1 and hypertensive disorder: Due to the absence of established reference concentrations for serum OPN and P1NP, and to facilitate comparison between subgroups of patients with MASLD and HTN based on their serum OPN and P1NP concentrations, the mode serum concentrations of these osteokines—specifically, 2.89 ng/mL and 47.5 pg/mL, respectively—were used as threshold values (see “Statistical Analysis” section for more details).