PPARGC1A and post-traumatic stress disorder: In individuals with PTSD, as well as in stress-exposed animal models, a consistent pattern emerges: impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced expression of key transcriptional co-activators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis [18,19].