The overexpression of HDAC8 can stimulate cardiac hypertrophy, promote the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK as well as the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) proteins, and inhibit myocardial hypertrophy by blocking HDAC8 activity [52]. Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.