Previous studies have shown that this alkaloid can (i) inhibit tumor cell proliferation while at the same time inducing apoptosis; (ii) affect signaling pathways (e.g., MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt); and (iii) inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9). This evidence concerns the gene MMP9 and neoplasm.