TGFB1 and acute kidney injury: In addition, evidence in experimental model has shown that after recovering from gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), there is an accumulation of renal interstitial collagen resulting in renal fibrosis, with increased expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), endothelin, angiotensin II, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and macrophages in the renal cortex [10,11].