Our previous study demonstrated that exposure to FB1 during fetal development resulted in reduced fertility due to the dysregulation of various ovarian genes, such as Cyp19, Esr2, and Gdf9. This dysregulation led to an increase in the ovary weight index, particularly with the high-dose treatment (50 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]/day), which is similar to what is observed in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (Fig. 1). Here, GDF9 is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.