BMP2 and chronic kidney disease: Under pathological conditions such as chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, ECs release extracellular vesicle (EV) containing calcium ions and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), which serve as nucleation sites for calcification initiation and progression (12).CKD elevated phosphate levels not only directly promote VC but also stimulate ECs to secrete tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase.