TNF and cancer: CAAs also secrete multiple cancer-associated adipokines that function in extracellular matrix remodeling, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and EMT promotion, such as leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), adiponectin, exosomal microRNAs, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-33 (Figure 1e).