TBX1 and neoplasm: In brief, CAFs remodel extracellular matrix via stiffening collagen into short thick fibrils, up-regulating lysyl-oxidases (LOXs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), down-regulating hyaluronidases (HYALs), as well as secreting chemokines such as periostin, which changes tumor immune microenvironment by inducing migration of protumorigenic-M2 macrophages and correlates with lower tumor immune infiltration.