AKT1 and cancer: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis identified 95 pathways, and the top 21 enriched pathways (excluding cancer, growth, and immune-related pathways) suggested that salidroside may inhibit melanin synthesis through multiple pathways, such as melanogenesis, tyrosine metabolism, PI3K-Akt, and mTOR signaling pathways (Figure 1F).