The GAP-TALAD model showed the highest efficacy (AUC) in the diagnosis of HCC (Table 3), and the efficacy of GAP-TALAD in distinguishing early HCC was also higher than the efficacy of PIVKA-II, AFP-L3%, CA19-9, CEA and other diagnostic models in diagnosing early liver cancers (Table 5). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.