AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Serum AFP, AFP-L3% and PIVKA-II are the most commonly used blood markers for HCC (Huang et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2022), and the most commonly used serum markers for CCA are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9; Shin, Moon & Kim, 2023).