From the parameters used in the diagnostic models (age, gender, AFP, AFP-L3%, PIVKA-II, TBIL, ALB and PLT), age and levels of PIVKA-II and AFP-L3% were significantly different between CCA patients and patients with benign liver diseases (Table 2), and this may be an explanation for the differences in levels of the diagnostic models between CCA patients and patients with benign liver diseases. Here, AFP is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.