NFATC1 and alcohol dependence: Additionally, research has shown that ALDH1A1 can regulate the expression of NFATc1, a key regulator of osteoclast differentiation, and that disulfiram can act through the ALDH1A1‒NFATc1 axis as a treatment for alcohol-related osteoporosis (Jia et al., 2019) (Figure 2D).