GRAMD1A and colorectal carcinoma: GRAMD1A knockdown suppressed CRC cell proliferation (Figs. 5D–G and S8E, F) and migration (Fig. S9A–D), whereas GRAMD1A overexpression promoted proliferation (Figs. 5H–K and S8G, H) and migration (Fig. S9E–H), partially counteracting the anticancer effects of inhibiting H3K9la and lactylation by oxamate.