TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: GI health biomarkers encompassed measurements of intestinal integrity or permeability (eg, endotoxemia, zonulin, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), immune responses (eg, TNFα, IL-6, high-sensitivity CRP [hs-CRP], IFNγ, IL-1β, CCL5, TGFβ, IL-10, secretory IgA, α- and β-defensin, and LL-37), fecal microbiota, and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).