Studies have shown that hypoxia can promote the process of H3K9la lactylation, enhancing the transcription of LAMC2 to facilitate the proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) (Zang et al., 2024); The acceleration of the H3K18la lactylation process enhances immune evasion in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by activating POM121, which induces the expression of PD-L1 (Zhang et al., 2024); The activation of H4K12la lactylation promotes drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells by upregulating SE-mediated aberrant RAD23A expression (Lu et al., 2025). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.