For example, in bladder cancer, H3K18 lactylation promotes tumorigenesis by enhancing the expression of the oncogene Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) (Xie et al., 2023); in endometrial cancer, histone lactylation upregulates USP39 expression, which further interacts with PGK1 to activate the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway, accelerating tumor progression (Wei S. et al., 2024); in colorectal cancer, the activation of G-protein coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) promotes the expression of LDHA by activating the Hippo pathway, thereby intervening in tumor progression (Zhou et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene USP39 and neoplasm.