On the other hand, AMPKα1, as the catalytic subunit of AMPK, inhibits various inflammatory transcription factors and reduces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-1β, and interferon γ (IFN-γ), thereby interfering with tumor cell growth (Hsu et al., 2022). Here, CCL2 is linked to neoplasm.