For instance, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) can intervene in the growth of liver cancer cells by regulating the lactylation of cyclin E2 (CCNE2) (Jin et al., 2023); In colorectal cancer (CRC), elevated lactate levels can increase lactylation of β-catenin, thereby inhibiting the activity of CRC cells and intervening in tumor progression (Miao et al., 2023). Here, CCNE2 is linked to neoplasm.