For example, in bladder cancer, H3K18 lactylation promotes tumorigenesis by enhancing the expression of the oncogene Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) (Xie et al., 2023); in endometrial cancer, histone lactylation upregulates USP39 expression, which further interacts with PGK1 to activate the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway, accelerating tumor progression (Wei S. et al., 2024); in colorectal cancer, the activation of G-protein coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) promotes the expression of LDHA by activating the Hippo pathway, thereby intervening in tumor progression (Zhou et al., 2023). The gene discussed is LCN2; the disease is urinary bladder cancer.