Taken together, these findings suggest that no specific cytokine profile reliably distinguishes infections caused by individual BRD pathogens, or discriminate between bacterial and viral infections, with the possible exception for type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), which are more specifically involved in the host response to viruses (39), although they have also been associated with certain bacterial infections (40). This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and bacterial infectious disease.