LPO and Salmonella Infections: Exposure to stressors such as streptozotocin, CoCl4, methotrexate, tilmicosin, TiO2 NPs, and Salmonella infection has been shown to elevate levels of oxidative stress markers, including nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation products (LPP), total protein carbonyl content (TPCC), MDA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and lactoperoxidase (LPO) (Chauhan et al. 2023).