INS and Insulin resistance: In contrast, glycolysis exhibited mild to moderate inverse correlations with several immune-associated pathways—including the T cell receptor signaling pathway, NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity, and the broader immune response gene set—while showing positive correlations of varying magnitudes with pathways implicated in oxidative stress and those related to diabetes and insulin resistance, such as the reactive oxygen species pathway, oxidative stress response, insulin signaling pathway, and type II diabetes mellitus (Supplementary Table S5).