Modulating SASP composition through NF-κB inhibition has been shown to reduce tumor-promoting secretions, with metformin and mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) effectively suppressing NF-κB-driven SASP(Liang et al., 2021; Wang L. et al., 2022; You and Wu, 2025). Here, NFKB1 is linked to neoplasm.