Biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), Activin A, CD163, and Cystatin C have proven to be reliable for the early diagnosis of CKD in this context (Conticini et al., 2023), thereby reinforcing the crucial connection between immune dysregulation, and renal damage across different conditions. This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and chronic kidney disease.