For example, acute stress is known to induce the immunosuppressive glucocorticoids that can inhibit proliferation of stem cells (Zhang et al., 2023; Tartt et al., 2022) and the expression of IL-1, raising the possibility that the anti-neurogenic effects in the stress-induced depression models were not a consequence of IL-1, but glucocorticoid, signaling and that brain IL-1 should be decreased, not increased, in these models. This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and depressive disorder.