Various proteinases contribute to tumour progression, (Cuffaro et al., 2024), with cathepsins aiding antigen presentation and causing tissue damage, (López-Otín and Matrisian, 2007), caspases facilitating programmed cell death (Chang et al., 2023), ADAMs influencing cell signalling and metastasis, and uPA orchestrating extracellular matrix degradation for invasion (Yaowachai et al., 2023). Here, CTSS is linked to neoplasm.