TNF and chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis study of dialysis patients by Chen C. et al. (2023), which included 18 randomized controlled trials, revealed that supplementation of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in CKD patients could significantly lower C-reactive protein, IL-6, and IS and improved levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison to the control group, but had no substantial effect on p-CS, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, TNF-α, triglyceride, albumin, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, phosphorus, calcium, or uric acid in the serum of the patients (Chen C. et al., 2023).