GCG and stroke disorder: To benchmark TZP’s BBB permeability profile, TZP’s brain-to-plasma ratio (Kp, brain) was measured as 0.12 ± 0.02 in healthy mice (TZP group) and 0.14 ± 0.02 in stroke mice (MCAO + TZP), both significantly higher than liraglutide’s 0.03 ± 0.01 (P < 0.01) (Rhea et al. 2024), as shown in Fig. 2B. This fourfold increase suggests TZP’s dual GIP/GLP-1 agonism and fatty acid modification enhance CNS penetration compared to single GLP-1 agonists like liraglutide, which is restricted to circumventricular organs.