Hypoxia is a prominent characteristic of the TME, and is closely associated with acquisition of invasive, migratory, and drug-resistant properties by cancer cells within the primary tumor, resulting in metastasis.7 Hypoxia often activates hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) such as HIF1α, as part of the cellular adaptive response; HIFs have the ability to increase the metastatic properties of cancer cells.5,7. Here, HIF1A is linked to neoplasm.