CTLA4 and neoplasm: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), have demonstrated remarkable clinical benefits across multiple malignancies by enhancing the immune system’s ability to recognize and attack tumor cells [3,4].