TNF and neoplasm: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), bone marrow dendritic cells, or spleen cells were cultured with granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cytokines (e.g., interleukin 4 or TNFa) for 4 to 8 days and the DCs derived were incubated with the tumor-specific neoantigens that are mentioned in Table 2.