GDF15 and chronic kidney disease: Therefore, we investigated whether the five indices, as well as GDF‐15, independently associate with adverse outcomes—including CKD progression (≥ 30% decline in eGFRcr from baseline), mortality and their composite outcome—after adjusting for baseline eGFRcr and the urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) in Japanese individuals with diabetes mellitus.