REN and congestive heart failure: Persistent proinflammatory activity in CHF may be provoked by the ongoing myocardial injury induced by various stimuli, such as activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, autoantibodies, heat shock protein, microbial antigen, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, shear and oxidative stress, and hypoxia, which may have a subthreshold effect on current physical status [52, 61].