HSPA5 and neoplasm: Thus, through extensive cell-based, three-dimensional cultures and in vivo studies, GRP78 has emerged as a key promoter of cell proliferation, oncogenic signaling, angiogenesis, stemness, metastasis, and immune evasion and its induction in a wide range of cancer fuels tumor growth and spread, as well as therapeutic resistance (29, 30, 33, 53, 54).