HSPA5 and neoplasm: In contrast to the anticancer activities of GRP78 C-terminal antibodies, Richard Austin at McMaster University, Canada, reported in 2017 that binding of anti-GRP78 autoantibodies to the N-terminal region of cs78 promoted tumor growth and metastasis via activation of TF and that disruption of the cs78/anti-GRP78 autoantibody complex by heparin suppressed prostate cancer xenograft growth (74).