Surprisingly, 3-NP treatment significantly reduced the length of the zygomatic processes in both WT and Tcof1+/– DBA/1J/C57BL/6 embryos compared with their respective PBS controls, suggesting that redox stress has a particularly profound effect on this craniofacial structure (Figure 5I), which coincidentally was the craniofacial structure most severely affected in patients with TCS. Here, TCOF1 is linked to Treacher-Collins syndrome.