CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the context of obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation and the progression of atherosclerosis are driven by the altered release of adipose-derived hormones such as leptin, resistin, and adiponectin, accompanied by elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, as well as an increase in systemic aldosterone concentrations [31].