Key compounds found in bitter melon, such as 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and cucurbitane-type triterpenoids, have reportedly exhibited antiproliferative effects by several modulating signaling pathways, including Akt-NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and STAT3, while triterpenoids—a family closely researched—including compounds such as karaviloside III, kaguaovin L, and kaguacidine A, have reportedly exhibited cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity in various cancer cell lines. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is cancer.