TNF and cardiovascular disorder: Up-regulated in human atherosclerotic plaques.Increased coronary heart disease in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.Modulates endothelial function and monocyte-macrophage activity; negatively correlated with TNF-α levels in stable coronary artery disease.Plays a key role in cardiac regeneration and repair by modulating inflammatory responses and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease.Modulates pro-inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways in diabetic cardiomyopathy.